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My title does sound too strong, but I think it reveals something about the massive use of photography by newspapers and magazines as a the ultimating tool for stating that what they are writing is true. Photos are obviously not a reflection of reality, far from it.

The examples that you can see in this article, whether it’s the MySpace cropping above or the set up Georgia pics, are blatant lies. However I think that the essence of photography is leading to permanent lies. Following are some of the factors that make

• Intentions
  Which mindset are you before taking your pictures? Before going to take pictures at a wedding, in the nature for picturing birds or in a war zone, you’ll have an opinion on the topic or an idea of how you are going to shoot. This subjectivity will influence the outcome of your photography session.
  For a freelance news photographer, the intentions will often be to have spectacular images that will sell good and earn him more money.
• Choices
  By choosing the pictures you show, you take control of what people are going to see and think about the event or subject you’ve photographed. This is obvious for newspaper pictures, but you also make a choice of the pictures you will print or keep from your holidays or any other event.
• Cropping
  Famous french photo-reporter Henri Cartier-Bresson always refused that his photos get cropped before being published in magazines. Unfortunately, pictures nowadays are cropped almost every time before publication, often to dramatize the situation.
  The picture above is a funny example of how cropping can be used to prettify things and show only what will make you look good.
• Habits / tradition
  Notice how corporate photos all look alike? That’s for a good reason, people get an idea of how a corporate portrait should look like. Even if some companies try to be different from time to time, most will go the traditional way, thus not taking any risk.
  Same thing happens when you go to photography school, there you get conditionned to shoot a particular event the way you are supposed to. The problem with this is that as the viewers get the habits of seeing things this particular way, it becomes very hard to change the way of shooting things or you might face rejection.
• Image manipulation
  This is the point where the lie is intended. It’s very commonly used in fashion magazines to make people look better, sometimes giving birth to photoshop disasters. It’s often used on war photos to make the situation look worst by adding rockets or smoke.

A recent case: staged Georgia pictures

A Georgian photographer working for Reuters, David Mdzinarishvili, recently staged photos to feed the western medias with pictures attesting that Russia committed atrocities in Georgia. You get two examples of the manipulation here, and you can also take a look at this russian analysis of two other pictures, with a guy acting in different situations.

The images shown here were published on Reuters website, some have been taken off the site afterwards. Anyway it’s not new to set up pictures to influence the public opinion, it was done in Bosnia as well.

The first picture above was captioned: ” Dead woman being carried away by the georgian soldiers from the town of Gori”. However the dead woman holds on to the nurse. Reuters changed the caption afterwards. The second one shows a screaming desperate man sitting… at the same place where the first one was shot.

These two photos, showing an elderly couple crying their dead son, answer framing needs with a moving dead body and old people acting.

Post from: Design daily news

All photographers are liars

More and more foreign men are browsing through internet sites which offer Russian dating services. And it is not surprising why. For them, the Russian woman is the ideal bride - young and attractive, submissive yet confident. But before deciding to browse through these sites and pursue any Russian woman, it is important that you know how these dating services work and exactly what services they offer.

There are basically three types of these websites. The first kind allows you to browse through a catalog or narrow down the choices by searching a particular age or other metric. If there is a particular woman that you are interested in, they then give you the woman’s address or contact number. These free dating sites are what they say they are - absolutely free. Of course, you would need to register and be a member before any information is given out.

Other sites allow the men to initially send a message to the woman for free, but the succeeding correspondences shall be for a certain fee. These are called the free trial sites. The good thing about these sites is that you are able to “test drive” their services before you actually pay for them. (more…)

Russian dating, or for that matter, international dating of any kind has its advantages as well as disadvantages. A lot of men find themselves discouraged due to the the challenges of international dating, and linger in search of an ideal woman from their own country. But there is no need for despair. Here are a few of the concerns examined, and then the very real benefits of Russian dating or international dating listed out.

Let us first discuss a few of the perceived problems:

Russian Dating or Dating Internationally Means Traveling Long Distances

• Many Western men think that it is too much to have to travel long distances to meet your future bride. But the expense and trouble will be worth your while when you meet an ideal woman. The best way of looking at it is as a wise investment in a lifetime of happiness.

Communication Problems with International or Russian Women

• Many Western men do not seek dates outside their country because they are put off by the language barrier. What they need to realize is that a lot of international and Russian women now speak English. It is also easy and powerfully motivating to learn a new language to be able to speak with a partner.

Visa and Citizenship Problems with International or Russian Women

• While most Western men are not too happy with the paperwork involved in marrying a Russian woman, the fact is that there are a lot of agencies which specialize in helping with just such cases. Visa and citizenship issues are easily resolved if love ties you to an international or Russian woman.

The major reasons why Western men should go for International or Russian dating are:

International or Russian Women are Beautiful and Accommodating

• A difference in culture with the West keeps Russian women more beautiful and better groomed. A natural inclination towards making a family make them extremely nurturing wives.

International or Russian Women Offer More Choice

• The biggest reason for you to go for international or Russian dating is that your dating pool becomes much larger when you go international. You can really choose and pick on your selection of a suitable life partner, because of the wider options available.

At Loversplanet.com we understand and emphasize the value of international or Russian dating. It is an option that a lot of Western men tend to ignore because they are unaware of how beautiful and effective an international or Russian dating experience can be. Sign up today at Loversplanet.com and meet the international or Russian women who are incredibly attractive as well as caring.

Post from: Russian Brides Blog

Finding Love Through International or Russian Dating

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Andrei Arshavin is world-class material. He deserves a better club and greater recognition than to spend his entire career languishing in the Russian League.

To many soccer fans, this name may not ring a bell, that is, until the European Championships which concluded last month. Arshavin caught the eyes of soccer pundits and bigwigs with his scintillating performance in Euro 2008.

Russia were all but written off after a 4-1 loss to Spain in the qualifying rounds but came back from the dead with Arshavin’s return. The live-wire set the stage alight and raised the profile of Russian soccer with their giant-killing feats. Eliminating Netherlands was the watershed as the world sat up and took notice of this “backward” nation.

It was unfortunate that the semi-final match against Spain saw a relatively muted Arshavin due to the superior Spanish executing their tactics seamlessly and a generally lackluster performance by the Russians.

However, in all fairness, that was no embarrassment. After all, Spain went on to claim the title as they eliminated traditional powerhouse, Germany, in the Euro 2008 Finals.

Actually, even before Euro 2008, Arshavin had won rave reviews. In May, he illuminated the Uefa Cup Final and clinched the first-ever European crown for Zenit St. Petersburg. Zenit can proudly lay claim to the title as they added the scalp of Bayern Munich en-route to the finals.

Arshavin did not get on the score sheet but he was clearly the player who made the difference when he crafted both goals. His pace, vision and creativity proved too hot to handle for Rangers throughout the match. Though Rangers worked their ass off, played as a tightly knit team and with lots of determination, they were undone by Arshavin’s electrifying movement.

Andrei Arshavin, after spending a solid 8 seasons at Zenit, has already amassed an impressive haul of medals and personal awards. The former Russian Player of the Year has won 37 caps for his country since 2002 and scored 13 goals in the process.

I viewed this video on YouTube recently and it is an excellent compilation of his best soccer moments. Unleashing Andrei’s potential as a star playmaker in the EPL will further consolidate its position as one of the most competitiive league in the world.

Granted that the footages in the video were mostly in the Russian League, and the Premier League is a different ball game with more talents competing for the same places. Thus, Arshavin will not find the Premier League to be a bed of roses. Without strong work ethics and a willingness to adapt, he may be relegated to the bench before he can prove his worth.

Shevchenko, who is far more accomplished in European football, failed to make an impression in the Premier League for Chelsea. In fact, the player today is a pale shadow of himself. Unable to recover his confidence, lethal killer instinct and ball control, I doubt Shevchenko will feature much for Scolari.

Notwithstanding the risks, I believe Arshavin should take up the Premier League challenge if he hungers to be the best in the world. Dick Advocat should let the player go if the price is right. I will discuss more about Arshavin’s possible transfer to Tottenham.

Russian women are known the world over for their stunning beauty, loving nature, and strength in the face of adversity. Finding suitable Russian women for marriage can therefore be a challenging yet rewarding quest. Here are a few ways you can find the Russian love of your dreams.

Agencies that have a Database of Suitable Russian Women for Marriage

• There are many marriage agencies based in Russia, Europe and the United States that work to match foreign men with Russian women. You can research on a reliable agency and let it shortlist several candidates for marriage, providing you what they term as mail order brides.

• But this needs a great degree of caution, because a large number of marriage agencies are actually scams to lure foreign men to spend money, and they sometimes actually provide no service in exchange.

Dating Websites which Enable Meetings with Russian Women for Marriage

• Loversplanet.com is a reputed dating website, with a long string of success stories. A lot of happily married foreign men have met their Russian soul mate at our portals. This is possible because of some of our exclusive facilities like live chat, which enables you to communicate in real time: you do not have to face long waits for replies.

• Through our huge database of eligible Russian women with access to the internet, we at Loversplanet.com are best positioned to facilitate an encounter with that gorgeous woman you have always yearned for. This is ideal also because, in many cases, Russian women with at least basic English proficiency sign up at Lovers Planet dating website.

• The online dating option at websites like our Loversplanet.com is safer because it allows you to communicate in relative anonymity. You can reveal as much or as little about yourself as you like, and can be sure to be safe from scam at all times.

Visiting Russia to Meet Suitable Russian Women for Marriage

• There are a lot of agencies which arrange for tours to Russia specifically to meet Russian brides, so you can choose the one that is perfect for you.

• We at Loversplanet.com however encourage you to first interact with a Russian woman online through chat and e-mail for a considerable duration before you make the plunge of traveling to Russia.

Finding a suitable Russian woman for marriage is a breeze with Loversplanet.com. Sign up now, and you will be able to interact with exquisite Russian women rightaway due to the size and quality of our dating pool of eligible Russian women.

Post from: Russian Brides Blog

How to Find Suitable Russian Women for Marriage

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Ð¡ÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ñ€Ð¾ÑÑийÑкий журнал “Ðовое Времє (The New Times) опубликовал моў научно-популÑрнуў Ñтатьў о вулканах и их роли в возникновении и периодичеÑком разрушении жизни на Земле.

http://newtimes.ru/magazine/2008/issue066/doc-49630.html
http://panchul.livejournal.com/24110.html

Вулканы пошли ва-банк. Ð¡Ñ‚Ð¸Ñ…Ð¸Ñ Ñ€Ð°Ð·Ñ‹Ð³Ñ€Ð°Ð»Ð°ÑÑŒ: разрушительное цунами погубило до Ñта Ñ‚Ñ‹ÑÑч жителей МьÑнмы, землетрÑÑение Ñилой 8 баллов разрушило города на ўго-западе ÐšÐ¸Ñ‚Ð°Ñ - погибли, по поÑледним данным, более 50 Ñ‚Ñ‹ÑÑч человек. Ðа Сицилии началоÑÑŒ извержение Этны: пока оно не коÑнулоÑÑŒ поÑелений, но Ð°ÐºÑ‚Ð¸Ð²Ð¸Ð·Ð°Ñ†Ð¸Ñ Ð²ÑƒÐ»ÐºÐ°Ð½Ð° в гуÑтонаÑеленном районе Европы - Ñобытие Ñамо по Ñебе пугаўщее. ТаинÑÑ‚Ð²ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð·ÐµÐ¼Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¶Ð¸Ð·Ð½ÑŒ планеты Ñкрывает в Ñебе немало вÑе еще плохо понÑтных ÑтранноÑтей и трагичеÑких неожиданноÑтей

Юрий Панчул

При Ñлове «вулкан» большинÑтво лўдей вÑпоминает Везувий, Фудзи или вулканы на Камчатке - Ñлегантные конуÑовидные горы, иногда причинÑўщие неприÑтноÑти меÑтным жителÑм потоками лавы и вулканичеÑким пеплом. Ðо на Ñамом деле роль вулканов в развитии жизни на Земле гораздо значительнее. СоглаÑно некоторым гипотезам, первые живые организмы возникли вокруг подводных вулканов; вулканы Ñмогли раÑтопить оледеневшуў Землў и вызвать веÑну жизни 700 миллионов лет назад; вулканы в Сибири «помогли» начать Ñпоху динозавров, а вулканы в Индии - ее закончить. Вулкан в Индонезии почти уничтожил человечеÑкий род, а вулкан в ЙеллоуÑтоне неÑколько раз заÑыпал пеплом половину Ñовременной территории СШÐ.

Вода плавит камень

Как образуетÑÑ Ñ‚Ð¸Ð¿Ð¸Ñ‡Ð½Ñ‹Ð¹ вулкан? Многие из них находÑÑ‚ÑÑ Ð² районе ÑÑ‚Ð¾Ð»ÐºÐ½Ð¾Ð²ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñ‚ÐµÐºÑ‚Ð¾Ð½Ð¸Ñ‡ÐµÑких плит. Примерами ÑвлÑўтÑÑ Ð²ÑƒÐ»ÐºÐ°Ð½Ñ‹ в «кольце огнÑ» вокруг Тихого океана: на Камчатке, в Японии, Индонезии, Ðовой Зеландии, на ТихоокеанÑком побережье Северной и Южной Ðмерики.

Когда океанÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ñ‚ÐµÐºÑ‚Ð¾Ð½Ð¸Ñ‡ÐµÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ð»Ð¸Ñ‚Ð° ÑталкиваетÑÑ Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ñ‚Ð¸Ð½ÐµÐ½Ñ‚Ð°Ð»ÑŒÐ½Ð¾Ð¹ плитой, океанÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ð»Ð¸Ñ‚Ð° уходит вниз, как более Ð¿Ð»Ð¾Ñ‚Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¸ Ñ‚ÑÐ¶ÐµÐ»Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ð·-за Ñвоего химичеÑкого ÑоÑтава. При Ñтом ÑодержащиеÑÑ Ð² океанÑкой плите примеÑи (в чаÑтноÑти, вода) подогреваўтÑÑ Ð¸ начинаўт проÑачиватьÑÑ Ð²Ð²ÐµÑ€Ñ…, через мантиў под континентальной плитой. Как ни Ñтранно, Ñто вызывает плавление твердого вещеÑтва верхнего ÑÐ»Ð¾Ñ Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ñ‚Ð¸Ð¸ и превращение его в магму. Это проиÑходит по той же причине, по которой Ñнег тает при поÑыпании его Ñольў: загрÑзнение твердого вещеÑтва примеÑÑми Ñнижает температуру плавлениÑ. Из-за большого количеÑтва раÑтворенных в магме и находÑщихÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ большим давлением газов магма поднимаетÑÑ Ð²Ð²ÐµÑ€Ñ… и вызывает вулканичеÑкое извержение.

Ðкеан в Ðфрике

Вулканы образуўтÑÑ Ð¸ на меÑте раÑÑ…Ð¾Ð¶Ð´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð»Ð¸Ñ‚, например, вдоль Великой рифтовой долины на границе ÐфриканÑкой и ÐравийÑкой тектоничеÑких плит. Ð’ результате Ñтого раÑÑ…Ð¾Ð¶Ð´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñ‡ÐµÑ€ÐµÐ· неÑколько миллионов лет ÑÐ¾Ð²Ñ€ÐµÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ñ‚ÐµÑ€Ñ€Ð¸Ñ‚Ð¾Ñ€Ð¸Ñ Ð¡Ð¾Ð¼Ð°Ð»Ð¸, Танзании и Мозамбика на воÑтоке Ðфрики отделитÑÑ Ð¾Ñ‚ континента и поÑреди Ðфрики возникнет новый океан.

При Ñтом большинÑтво меÑÑ‚ раÑÑ…Ð¾Ð¶Ð´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð»Ð¸Ñ‚ находитÑÑ Ð½Ðµ на континенте, а под водой, вдоль Ñрединно-океаничеÑких хребтов. Именно в Ñтих меÑтах было Ñделано одно из главных биологичеÑких открытий ХХ века - ÑкологичеÑкие ÑиÑтемы гидротермальных иÑточников.

Ð’ 1990-Ñ… годах немецкий ученый Гўнтер Вахтершаузер предложил гипотезу Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ½Ð¾Ð²ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¶Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ð¸ вокруг гидротермальных иÑточников, ÐºÐ¾Ñ‚Ð¾Ñ€Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑƒÑ‡Ð¸Ð»Ð° название «мир железа и Ñеры». СоглаÑно Ñтой гипотезе, жизнь на Земле была порождена не Солнцем, а Ñнергией вулканов, и на начальном Ñтапе, еще до поÑÐ²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð±ÐµÐ»ÐºÐ¾Ð² и ДÐК, иÑпользовала Ñероводород, цианиÑтый водород, железо, никель и угарный газ.

Динозавры из ÐорильÑка

Через пару миллиардов лет вулканы помогли жизни на Земле еще раз. Ð’ 1950-1960 годы геологи ÑÑÑ€ Ð”ÑƒÐ³Ð»Ð°Ñ ÐœÐ¾ÑƒÑон и Брайен Харленд нашли иÑкопаемые Ñледы ледника, который покрывал тропичеÑкие широты в промежутке от 850 до 630 миллионов лет назад. ИÑÑледователи предположили, что Ð—ÐµÐ¼Ð»Ñ Ð¿Ñ€Ð¾ÑˆÐ»Ð° через период, когда она была полноÑтьў покрыта льдом. Эта гипотеза получила название Snowball Earth («ЗемлÑ-Ñнежок»). МоуÑону и Харленду возразил руÑÑкий климатолог Михаил Будыко, который произвел раÑчеты и показал, что замороженнуў Землў некому было бы разморозить, так как лед отражал бы Ñолнечные лучи в коÑмичеÑкое проÑтранÑтво и Ð—ÐµÐ¼Ð»Ñ Ð¾ÑталаÑÑŒ бы «Ñнежком» навÑегда. Только в 1992 году американец Джозеф Линн Киршвинк обоÑновал предположение, что Ð—ÐµÐ¼Ð»Ñ Ð±Ñ‹Ð»Ð° разморожена парниковым Ñффектом от газов, выделÑемых в атмоÑферу вулканами. ПоÑле Ñтого на Земле наÑтупила наÑтоÑÑ‰Ð°Ñ Ð²ÐµÑна: возникли крупные многоклеточные животные ÑдиакарÑкого и кембрийÑкого периодов.

Еще через неÑколько Ñотен миллионов лет вулканы Ñыграли роль в уничтожении практичеÑки вÑех крупных животных на Земле. 250 миллионов лет назад, на границе палеозойÑкой и мезозойÑкой Ñры проиÑходили маÑÑированные Ð¸Ð·Ð²ÐµÑ€Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð»Ð°Ð²Ñ‹ на территории вулканичеÑкой провинции под названием СибирÑкие траппы, Ñ Ñ†ÐµÐ½Ñ‚Ñ€Ð¾Ð¼ в районе Ñовременного ÐорильÑка. Ð’ течение неÑкольких Ñотен Ñ‚Ñ‹ÑÑч лет 2 миллиона кубичеÑких километров лавы раÑтеклоÑÑŒ по территории около 4 миллионов квадратных километров. Ð’ Ñто же Ð²Ñ€ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¿Ñ€Ð¾Ð¸Ð·Ð¾ÑˆÐ»Ð¾ Ñамое большое вымирание в иÑтории Земли, которое уничтожило 96% морÑких и около 70% наземных видов животных. СоглаÑно одной из теорий, маÑÑовое вымирание было ÑвÑзано Ñ Â«Ð²ÑƒÐ»ÐºÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ‡ÐµÑкой зимой». Сначала вулканичеÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ñ‹Ð»ÑŒ загрÑзнила атмоÑферу, вызвала глобальное охлаждение и недоÑтаток Ñвета Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñ€Ð°Ñтений. Ðдновременно ÑерниÑтые вулканичеÑкие газы вызвали киÑлотные дожди из Ñерной киÑлоты, уничтожившие раÑÑ‚ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° Ñуше и моллўÑков в море. Затем произошло глобальное потепление из-за выброшенного углекиÑлого газа и парникового Ñффекта.

ПоÑле каждого крупного Ð²Ñ‹Ð¼Ð¸Ñ€Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ñ€Ð¾Ð¸Ñходит раÑцвет новых видов. ПоÑле Ð²Ñ‹Ð¼Ð¸Ñ€Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð°Ð»ÐµÐ¾Ð·Ð¾Ð¹Ñких видов фаворитами Ñтали динозавры. Ð’ Ñвоў очередь, динозавры вымерли 65 миллионов лет назад. Долгое Ð²Ñ€ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð²Ñ‹Ð¼Ð¸Ñ€Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ðµ динозавров объÑÑнÑлоÑÑŒ Ñтолкновением Земли Ñ Ð°Ñтероидом, упавшим в районе полуоÑтрова Юкатан на ўге МекÑики. Ðо ÑоглаÑно новым иÑÑледованиÑм Джерты Келлер из ПринÑтона и Тьерри Ðдатте из Швейцарии, главной причиной гибели динозавров были ДеканÑкие траппы - вулканы, залившие в течение 30 Ñ‚Ñ‹ÑÑч лет лавой половину территории Ñовременной Индии и также вызвавшие «вулканичеÑкуў зиму».

Зима тревоги нашей

Прошли еще миллионы лет, и на арену жизни на Земле вышел Homo sapiens, человек разумный. Ðо Ñудьба человечеÑтва не была безальтернативной. 73 Ñ‚Ñ‹ÑÑчи лет назад человечеÑтво чуть не погибло. СоглаÑно анализу Ñ€Ð°Ð·Ð½Ð¾Ð¾Ð±Ñ€Ð°Ð·Ð¸Ñ Ð”ÐК Ñовременных лўдей, в ту пору человечеÑтво ÑократилоÑÑŒ до небольшой группы чиÑленноÑтьў неÑколько Ñ‚Ñ‹ÑÑч человек. Что же поÑтавило человека разумного на грань иÑчезновениÑ? Геолог Майкл Рампино из Ðьў-ЙоркÑкого универÑитета Ñчитает, что виноватым Ñнова оказалÑÑ Ð²ÑƒÐ»ÐºÐ°Ð½. Ðа Ñтот раз Ñупервулкан Тоба на оÑтрове Суматра, который Ñтал причиной «вулканичеÑкой зимы», выброÑив в атмоÑферу пыль и три миллиарда тонн ÑерниÑтого ангидрида. Это вызвало киÑлотные дожди в течение шеÑти лет и маÑÑовуў гибель раÑтений и животных.

И ÑÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ ÑƒÐ³Ñ€Ð¾Ð·Ð° человечеÑтву не миновала. Ðа Ñтот раз она иÑходит из живопиÑного ЙеллоуÑтонÑкого национального парка в американÑком штате Вайоминг. ЙеллоуÑтон знаменит Ñвоими гейзерами. КоличеÑтво гейзеров в ЙеллоуÑтоне превоÑходит Ñуммарное их количеÑтво на вÑей оÑтальной территории Земли. Когда геолог Боб КриÑтианÑен иÑÑледовал парк в 1960-Ñ…, он был удивлен, что никак не может найти вулкан, Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ñ‚Ð¾Ñ€Ñ‹Ð¼ ÑвÑзаны Ñти гейзеры. ПоÑмотрев на Ñнимок парка из коÑмоÑа, КриÑтианÑен неожиданно понÑл, что веÑÑŒ парк, почти деÑÑÑ‚ÑŒ Ñ‚Ñ‹ÑÑч квадратных километров, ÑвлÑетÑÑ Ð²ÑƒÐ»ÐºÐ°Ð½Ð¾Ð¼.

Ð’ 1973 году геологи обнаружили, что чаÑÑ‚ÑŒ ЙеллоуÑтонÑкого озера поднимаетÑÑ, а Ð´Ñ€ÑƒÐ³Ð°Ñ Ñ‡Ð°ÑÑ‚ÑŒ опуÑкаетÑÑ. ÐказалоÑÑŒ, что ЙеллоуÑтон не погаÑ, он оÑтаетÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ¹Ñтвуўщим вулканом. УчитываÑ, что Ñтот Ñупервулкан извергаетÑÑ Ð² Ñреднем каждые 600 Ñ‚Ñ‹ÑÑч лет, а поÑледнее извержение было 640 Ñ‚Ñ‹ÑÑч лет назад, оно может произойти в лўбой момент, Ð³Ñ€Ð¾Ð·Ñ Ð³Ð¸Ð±ÐµÐ»ÑŒÑž не только американцам, но и ÑотнÑм миллионов, еÑли не миллиардам жителей планеты от «вулканичеÑкой зимы» и ÑвÑзанного Ñ Ð½ÐµÑž мирового голода.

ДополнениÑ

Ð’ 1977 году группа геологов из американÑкого иÑÑледовательÑкого центра WHOI (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution) иÑÑледовала дно Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾Ñ‰ÑŒÑž глубоководного аппарата Alvin. Когда Alvin опуÑтилÑÑ Ð½Ð° глубину 2400 метров, там обнаружили теплуў воду и огромное Ñкопление живых ÑущеÑтв - червей метровой длины, моллўÑков размером Ñ Ñ‚Ð°Ñ€ÐµÐ»ÐºÑƒ, рыб и крабов. ÐказалоÑÑŒ, что иÑточником жизни Ñтих оазиÑов поÑреди пуÑтыни океанÑкого дна ÑвлÑўтÑÑ Ð²ÑƒÐ»ÐºÐ°Ð½Ñ‹, точнее, находÑщиеÑÑ Ñ€Ñдом Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸ горÑчие иÑточники, богатые Ñероводородом.

ЙеллоуÑтонÑкий вулкан примечателен по двум причинам. Во-первых, он наÑтолько огромен, что даже не образует конуÑа. Во Ð²Ñ€ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð²ÐµÑ€Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ верхнÑÑ Ñ‡Ð°ÑÑ‚ÑŒ проÑто проваливаетÑÑ Ð² гигантÑкуў полоÑÑ‚ÑŒ в недрах, из которой вышла магма. ÐÑтаетÑÑ Ð¿Ñ€Ð¾Ñто дыра в земле, так Ð½Ð°Ð·Ñ‹Ð²Ð°ÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð»ÑŒÐ´ÐµÑ€Ð°, ÐºÐ¾Ñ‚Ð¾Ñ€Ð°Ñ Ð² Ñлучае ЙеллоуÑтона имеет размер 55 на 75 километров. Во-вторых, ЙеллоуÑтонÑкий вулкан находитÑÑ Ð½Ðµ на границе тектоничеÑких плит, а прÑмо поÑреди СевероамериканÑкой плиты. Его извержение вызываетÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð³Ð°Ð´Ð¾Ñ‡Ð½Ð¾Ð¹ и малоизученной «горÑчей точкой», находÑщейÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ тектоничеÑкой плитой. За поÑледние 17 миллионов лет Ñтот вулкан извергалÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐµ Ñта раз, причем два поÑледних раза (2 миллиона лет и 640 Ñ‚Ñ‹ÑÑч лет назад) он заÑыпал пеплом половину Ñовременной территории СШÐ, отравлÑÑ Ð¶Ð¸Ð²Ð¾Ñ‚Ð½Ñ‹Ñ… пыльў за Ñ‚Ñ‹ÑÑчи километров от меÑта извержениÑ.

ИÑточники информации:

1. Bill Bryson. A Short History of Nearly Everything. Broadway Books, 2005.

2. Michael Collier. A La